pigeons

Pigeons are birds in the family Columbidae, a group that also includes doves. There are about 300 species worldwide, occupying forests, grasslands, deserts, and urban areas. The rock dove (Columba livia) is the wild ancestor of most domestic and feral pigeons, and many varieties have arisen through centuries of domestication and selective breeding.

Pigeons are generally medium-sized, with stout bodies, short necks, and small heads. They typically have long wings and strong flight. Plumage varies widely among species, but many have gray or brown backs and a lighter belly, with iridescent feathers on the neck in some species. Parental care is shared by both sexes, and most pigeons form long-term monogamous pairs.

They are primarily seed eaters, feeding on grains, seeds, fruits, and sometimes small invertebrates. They swallow food whole and later regurgitate it to their feed chicks. Pigeons are known for their strong flying abilities and, in some species, remarkable homing instincts.

Breeding involves building a simple nest in a cavity, on ledges, or in trees. Most species lay two white eggs per clutch, and both parents incubate. Chicks hatch relatively helpless and require several weeks to fledge. Many species can raise multiple broods in a year.

Humans have had a long relationship with pigeons. Domesticated varieties include show birds and racing pigeons. Feral pigeons are common in cities worldwide. They can be considered pests in some contexts and may carry diseases, but they also play roles in ecosystems as seed dispersers and as part of urban wildlife.