helpless

Helpless describes a state in which a person lacks the power, means, or ability to act effectively in a situation. It can result from physical incapacity, lack of resources, social or institutional barriers, or overwhelming threats. The term is used in everyday speech to describe temporarily unable to act, or more broadly to describe a pervasive condition in which individuals perceive themselves as unable to influence outcomes.

Origin and psychology: The word comes from help + less, meaning without help. In psychology, helplessness refers to a cognitive and behavioral pattern where repeated exposure to uncontrollable events leads to passive behavior and the belief that actions will not change results. This concept, known as learned helplessness, was identified by Martin Seligman in animal studies and later applied to human depression and motivational disorders.

Social and practical contexts: Helplessness can arise from disability, illness, poverty, aging, or abuse, and is often compounded by social stigma or inadequate support systems. It is distinct from laziness or lack of effort; rather, it may reflect real constraints or perceived barriers. Interventions commonly focus on restoring perceived control, increasing agency, and providing resources and support.

Related terms and distinctions: Helplessness is related to but not identical with hopelessness, powerlessness, or dependency. It is widely used in literature and discourse to describe vulnerability or dependence, without a normative judgment on character. See also: learned helplessness; dependency; caregiver support.