powerlessness

Powerlessness is the state or condition of lacking the ability to influence events or outcomes. It can refer to a subjective feeling—perceived powerlessness—as well as to objective circumstances in which a person or group has limited means to affect decisions shaping their lives. In psychology, powerlessness relates to perceived control and self-efficacy, but emphasizes constraint by external factors, persistent stress, or unfavorable social conditions. A person may feel powerless when resources are scarce, when social norms exclude participation, or after repeated experiences of failure.

Causes include structural factors such as poverty, discrimination, and political marginalization, as well as acute situations such as illness, caregiving burdens, or abuse. Powerlessness can be interpersonal, as in relationships with dominance and coercion, or systemic, as in institutions that restrict information, resources, or representation.

The consequences of chronic powerlessness can include reduced motivation, withdrawal, depression, and diminished civic or social engagement. It can also perpetuate cycles of disadvantage if individuals internalize constraints as personal inadequacy.

Responses vary. Coping strategies at the individual level include establishing micro-areas of control, developing skills, and seeking social support. At the collective level, empowerment through community organizing, advocacy, or policy change is often pursued. Researchers study perceived control and related constructs to understand links between powerlessness and health, behavior, and well-being.