Anxietatea

Anxietatea, commonly translated as anxiety, is a normal human emotion characterized by worry, nervousness, and apprehension about future events. In moderation, it can be adaptive by motivating preparation and caution. When anxiety is excessive, persistent, or interferes with daily functioning, it may reflect an anxiety disorder, a clinically significant condition that warrants assessment and treatment.

Common symptoms include persistent worry, difficulty controlling thoughts, restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbances, and physical signs such as a racing heart, sweating, trembling, dizziness, or tingling.

Causes and risk factors include genetic predisposition, brain chemistry and function, personality traits like high trait anxiety, and exposure to stressful or traumatic events. Medical conditions, medications, and substance use can contribute. Anxiety commonly co-occurs with other disorders, especially depression and other anxiety disorders.

Types and diagnosis: The main anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and separation anxiety. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and criteria from standards such as DSM-5 or ICD-11, typically requiring persistent symptoms for months and significant impairment or distress.

Treatment: Evidence-based treatments include psychotherapy—most notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches—and pharmacotherapy, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Benzodiazepines may be used short term and under medical supervision, though they carry risk of dependence. Self-help strategies, lifestyle changes, regular exercise, adequate sleep, reduced caffeine and alcohol, and stress management can support treatment.

Prognosis and prevention: With appropriate treatment, many people experience substantial improvement; some have a chronic course requiring ongoing management. Early intervention, ongoing care, and development of coping skills can reduce symptom burden and improve functioning.