underresponsiveness

Underresponsiveness refers to a pattern in which an individual exhibits diminished, delayed, or otherwise insufficient responses to sensory stimuli, social cues, or task demands, compared with typical developmental expectations. It can appear across domains such as sensory processing, attention, communication, and social interaction, and is often discussed in the context of neurodevelopmental conditions, most notably autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Underresponsive behavior contrasts with hyperresponsiveness (overly strong reactions) and sensory seeking (craving sensory input).

In children and adults, signs may include slow initiation of responses, weak or inconsistent reaction to sounds or touch, delayed eye contact, failure to respond to name promptly, and difficulty sustaining attention in the presence of competing stimuli. Such patterns can lead to safety risks or academic and social challenges, particularly when environmental cues are not clearly emphasized.

Causes are multifactorial and may involve differences in sensory processing, attentional control, auditory or visual processing, fatigue, medication effects, hearing impairment, or high cognitive load. Neurological differences may alter how sensory information is received, interpreted, and prioritized.

Assessment typically relies on caregiver and teacher reports, clinical observation, and standardized measures of sensory processing and response latency. Functional assessments may determine how underresponsiveness affects daily activities and learning.

Interventions emphasize clear and explicit communication, structured routines, predictable cueing, and accommodations to reduce sensory overload. Evidence-based approaches include behaviorally oriented strategies (task analysis, prompts, reinforcement) and accommodations that enhance access to information. Some sensory integration therapies have limited or mixed evidence, and professional guidelines generally advocate for approaches with demonstrated efficacy.

Outcomes vary; with appropriate supports, individuals may improve responsiveness and engagement. Ongoing assessment and individualized plans are important, as underlying causes and contexts differ across persons.