tractions

Tractions, in a medical context, refers to a method of applying a continuous pulling force to a part of the body to align bones, relieve pressure, or immobilize structures during healing. It is most commonly used in orthopedics and can be temporary or preparatory before surgical fixation. In dentistry and orthodontics, traction describes controlled forces applied to move teeth into desired positions. The concept relies on gradual, sustained forces rather than rapid manipulation.

There are two broad categories of traction. Skin traction uses adhesive products and light weights applied to the skin to produce gentle pulling on a limb, suitable for short-term use and when gentle force is sufficient. Skeletal traction involves pins, wires, or tethers inserted into bone, with weights attached to apply more robust, direct forces to the skeletal segment. Halo traction employs a skull-mounted ring connected to weights to realign cervical spine structures. Traction can be applied to the limb, the pelvis, or the spine, with duration ranging from days to weeks depending on the injury and healing progression.

Indications include fractures requiring realignment, dislocations, spinal deformities, limb length discrepancies, and temporary stabilization when surgery is not immediately possible. Proper technique includes accurate alignment, careful monitoring of neurovascular status, regular skin and pin-site care, and adjustments to weights as healing progresses. Complications can include skin breakdown, pin-site infection, nerve or vascular injury, and delayed healing or muscle atrophy. With appropriate management, traction can reduce deformity and facilitate subsequent definitive treatment.