skisofrenias

Schizophrenia, commonly discussed as schizophrenias, is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. The term derives from Greek for "split mind," though it does not indicate multiple personalities. Onset is usually in late adolescence or early adulthood, and the condition affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of people worldwide. It requires long-term treatment and support.

Symptoms are grouped into positive, negative, and cognitive domains. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech or behavior. Negative symptoms involve diminished emotional expression, reduced motivation, social withdrawal, and anhedonia. Cognitive impairments may affect attention, memory, and executive function. Symptoms must be present for a substantial period and lead to social or occupational dysfunction.

Causes and risk factors: schizophrenia results from an interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental exposures. Family history increases risk; multiple genes contribute small effects. Prenatal complications, early-life adversity, and substance use (notably cannabis) are associated factors. Neurochemical changes, particularly in dopamine and glutamate pathways, and subtle brain connectivity differences are observed but not diagnostic.

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation using DSM-5 or ICD-10 criteria; there is no single laboratory test. Treatments typically include antipsychotic medications, which may be first- or second-generation, plus psychosocial therapies, supported employment, and family education. Recovery hinges on early intervention, adherence to treatment, and integrated care.

Prognosis and management: Schizophrenia often follows a fluctuating course. With ongoing treatment and support, many people improve in functioning, though some deficits can persist. Stigma, access to care, and treatment adherence remain important considerations.