selfinjury

Self-injury, or nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), is the intentional act of harming one's body without the aim of dying. Common methods include cutting, scratching, burning, or hitting the skin, and injuries are often concealed. NSSI is not a mental disorder by itself, but it commonly occurs in the context of underlying distress or psychiatric conditions. It is distinct from a suicide attempt, though the two can co-occur and NSSI can increase the risk of later suicidal behavior.

NSSI most often begins in adolescence or young adulthood but can occur at any age. Risk factors include a history of trauma or abuse, mood or anxiety disorders, substance use, and family or peer influences. People may use self-injury to regulate overwhelming emotions, to feel something when numb, to relieve tension, or to communicate distress when words feel insufficient.

Health effects and warning signs: Physical injuries can lead to infection, scarring, or tissue damage. Recurrent self-injury is associated with greater clinical impairment and a higher risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts. Signs may include frequent injuries, wearing long sleeves in hot weather, or changes in mood and behavior.

Assessment and treatment: Evaluation by a mental health professional is important. Evidence-based therapies include dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based approaches. Treatments address underlying conditions, emotion regulation skills, and coping strategies. Safety planning and reducing access to means are common components; medication may be used for co-occurring conditions in some cases. Urgent help should be sought if there is imminent risk of harm.

Support and resources: If you or someone you know is struggling with self-injury, reach out to a trusted person or clinician. In many countries there are crisis hotlines and emergency services (for example, 988 in the United States). Local mental health services, school counselors, or primary care providers can help connect to appropriate care.