suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally ending one's own life. It is a major public health concern and a leading cause of preventable death in many societies. Suicide typically results from a combination of factors, including underlying mental health conditions, acute life crises, chronic illness, and social or economic stressors. Protective factors such as access to effective mental health care, social connectedness, coping skills, and safe environments can reduce risk.

Risk factors and warning signs: Prior suicide attempts, family history, mental illnesses (particularly depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders), substance misuse, chronic pain or illness, trauma, unemployment or financial hardship, social isolation, barriers to care. Warning signs include talking about death or wanting to die, expressions of hopelessness, drastic mood changes, withdrawal, giving away prized possessions, changes in sleep or appetite, increased substance use, seeking means to self-harm or making plans.

What to do if you are worried about someone: Start a conversation using a nonjudgmental tone. Encourage professional help and offer to accompany them. If there is imminent danger, contact emergency services. Remove access to means where safe and create a safety plan with the person. In many countries there are crisis lines and text services that provide confidential support.

Treatment and prevention: Address underlying mental health conditions with evidence-based therapies and medications as appropriate. Crisis intervention and psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or dialectical behavior therapy, can reduce risk. Community programs, crisis hotlines, and school or workplace supports can help. If you are considering self-harm, reach out for help now; talking to someone you trust can be life-saving.

Resources: In the United States call or text 988 for 24/7 crisis support. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Samaritans at 116 123. International resources include Befrienders Worldwide. If you are in danger, call your local emergency number.