NSSI

NSSI stands for non-suicidal self-injury, which is the deliberate harming of one’s body without the intent to die. Common forms include cutting, scratching, burning, or hitting oneself, but the behavior can take many forms. People may use NSSI to cope with overwhelming emotions, numbness, or distress. It is a behavior, not a diagnosis, and can occur in the context of various mental health or trauma-related conditions.

Prevalence varies by population, but NSSI is most common during adolescence and young adulthood. It occurs across genders and cultures and often co-occurs with other conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, or personality disorders. Risk factors include exposure to trauma, chronic stress, feelings of isolation, and difficulties with emotion regulation.

While NSSI is not intended to be fatal, it is associated with an elevated risk of future suicidal thoughts and attempts. Sudden changes in frequency or intensity, or new self-harm methods, should prompt professional evaluation. In cases of immediate danger, emergency services should be contacted.

Assessment typically involves discussing frequency, methods, triggers, intensity of distress, and any intent to die, along with screening for co-occurring disorders. Treatments with evidence support focus on building emotion-regulation and coping skills, such as dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral approaches, and mindfulness-based therapies. Access to supportive care from clinicians, families, and schools, along with safety planning, can reduce self-harm.

Prevention emphasizes early recognition of distress, reducing stigma, and ensuring timely access to mental health care and crisis resources. If you or someone you know is struggling with NSSI, seek professional help or contact a crisis line. In the U.S., call or text 988; other countries have local hotlines and emergency services.