rupicapra

Rupicapra is a small genus of goat-antelopes in the subfamily Caprinae, family Bovidae, native to European mountains. It includes two extant species traditionally recognized: Rupicapra rupicapra, the Alpine chamois, and Rupicapra pyrenaica, the Pyrenean chamois. Some classifications treat the Pyrenean chamois as a subspecies of Rupicapra rupicapra rather than a separate species; taxonomic placement varies among authorities.

Distribution and habitat

Alpine chamois inhabit the high mountain ranges of Europe, including the Alps and Carpathians, while Pyrenean chamois are found in the Pyrenees. Both species favor rugged, rocky terrain with scree slopes and alpine meadows, typically at elevations from about 1,000 to 3,000 meters. They are adapted to steep, exposed habitats and seasonal weather changes.

Description

Chamois are medium-sized, stocky caprids with short legs and distinctive backward-curving horns present in both sexes. Their coats are short and thick, generally brown with lighter markings in summer and a denser winter coat. Shoulder height usually ranges around 60 to 70 cm, with body mass in the range of roughly 20 to 30 kg, with males typically larger than females. Horns are ridged and grow throughout life.

Behavior and ecology

Rupicapra species are agile climbers, exploiting steep, rocky terrain for escape and forage. They tend to form seasonal social structures, with female groups and their offspring forming stable herds and males living in bachelor groups outside the breeding season. Diet is primarily grasses and herbs, supplemented by forbs, shrubs, and lichens in winter. Reproduction occurs after a rut in autumn, with a gestation of about 180 days, usually yielding a single kid in late spring.

Conservation and status

Populations are stable in many areas but face threats from habitat disturbance, hunting, and disease in certain regions. Protected areas and species-specific management help sustain local populations.