rodenticide

Rodenticide is a chemical agent used to control rodents, principally mice and rats. They are formulated as baits, blocks, pellets, liquids, and powders and may be applied in urban, agricultural, or industrial settings. Rodenticides are designed to reduce damage to property, crop losses, and disease transmission, but their use must be balanced against risks to non-target species.

Most widely used are anticoagulant rodenticides, which disrupt the vitamin K cycle and cause progressive internal bleeding in rodents. Common compounds include warfarin, brodifacoum, difenacoum, and bromadiolone. Because some rodent populations exhibit resistance, many programs advocate rotating active ingredients as part of integrated pest management and following labeled instructions.

Non-anticoagulant rodenticides act by other mechanisms. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) causes dangerous hypercalcemia and organ failure; bromethalin is a neurotoxin; zinc phosphide and other phosphides release toxic phosphine gas when ingested. These products can act quickly and may pose acute hazards to humans and pets if misused.

Regulation and safety: many countries regulate rodenticides to protect people and wildlife. Use is typically restricted to approved bait stations, and products must be used and disposed of according to labeling and local laws. Secondary poisoning of predators, scavengers, and aquatic life is a concern where bait is accessible. Practices such as sanitation, exclusion, and non-chemical methods are encouraged as part of integrated pest management.

Health considerations: human exposure can cause bleeding with anticoagulants or organ damage with other compounds; seek medical advice immediately in suspected poisoning. Store products securely away from children and pets, and follow disposal guidelines.

History and notes: anticoagulants were developed in the mid-20th century, with warfarin first used in pest control in the 1940s. Development of new active ingredients and resistance management continue to shape regulatory and agricultural use.