poisoning

Poisoning is injury or illness caused by exposure to toxic substances. It can result from ingestion, inhalation, skin or eye contact, or injection, and may involve a single large dose or long-term accumulation of harmful chemicals, drugs, or biological agents.

Causes are diverse and include medications, household cleaners, pesticides, alcohol, plants, contaminated food, and animal or plant toxins. Accidental poisoning is common in children, while adults may experience intentional poisoning (suicide attempts or assaults) or occupational exposures.

The clinical presentation depends on the toxin and exposure route. Common signs include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, confusion, or weakness. More serious effects can involve breathing difficulties, chest pain, seizures, coma, or kidney and liver injury.

Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to identify the toxin and assess organ function. Treatment emphasizes safety and stabilization: removing the patient from exposure if possible, decontamination when appropriate, specific antidotes for certain agents, and supportive care such as airway management and fluids.

Prevention focuses on safe storage of medicines and chemicals, proper labeling, childproof packaging, and public health measures. Poison control centers provide guidance; regulatory actions reduce risks from pesticides, cleaners, and other hazardous products.

Prognosis varies with the substance, dose, and time to treatment. Early recognition and appropriate care improve outcomes, while delayed treatment increases the risk of organ damage or death.