robot

A robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially by programmable instruction. It typically integrates mechanical structure, electrical systems, and software that allow it to sense, decide, and act. The term robot derives from the Czech word robota, meaning forced labor, popularized by Karel Čapek in his 1920 play R.U.R. Robotics is the interdisciplinary field that studies the design, construction, operation, and use of robots.

Most robots consist of a body or frame, actuators that produce motion (such as electric motors, hydraulic or pneumatic devices), sensors that provide information about the environment or internal state, and a controller or processor that interprets data and issues commands. They may be powered by electricity, batteries, or other energy sources and can be stationary or mobile. End-effectors such as grippers, welders, or cutting tools enable interaction with the physical world.

Early automata appeared in ancient and medieval technology, but modern robotics emerged in the 20th century. The first industrial robot, Unimate, began operating in 1961 in a factory setting. Advances in computer control, perception, and artificial intelligence have expanded robotics' capabilities to autonomous navigation, precise manipulation, and complex decision making.

Robots are used in manufacturing for repetitive or hazardous tasks, in service roles such as cleaning, inspection, healthcare, and elder care, and in research, exploration, and education. They range from industrial manipulators and mobile service robots to humanoid, medical, agricultural, and autonomous aerial or ground vehicles. Human-robot collaboration is a growing area of development.

The spread of robotics raises questions about safety, reliability, accountability, job displacement, and privacy. Standards and regulatory frameworks address safety and ethical considerations, while ongoing research seeks to improve perception, manipulation, autonomy, energy efficiency, and user-friendly interfaces.