predator

A predator is an animal that hunts and consumes other organisms as its primary source of food. Predation involves pursuit, capture, and killing, and while some predators will scavenge opportunistically, active hunting is a defining feature of most predatory species. The term predator derives from Latin praedator, meaning "plunderer" or "one who plunders".

Predators occupy middle to top levels of food webs and exert strong control on prey populations. Through their hunting and avoidance behaviors, predators influence where prey live, how they behave, and how quickly populations grow. This can contribute to trophic cascades, affecting vegetation, other herbivores, and ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling.

Predators vary widely in size, habitat, and strategy. Apex predators sit at the top of food chains with few natural enemies (for example, lions, wolves, and great white sharks). Mesopredators such as foxes, raccoons, and many birds of prey can shape communities when larger predators are absent. Predation also occurs invertebrates, including spiders, praying mantises, and dragonflies.

Hunting adaptations include enhanced senses (vision, smell, hearing), camouflage, speed, strength, and specialized teeth, claws, venom, or trapping methods. Some predators hunt alone, others use cooperation or pack tactics; others ambush prey or exploit seasonal movements. Predators may also specialize on particular prey types or life stages.

Human activities affect predators through habitat loss, fragmentation, direct persecution, and by altering prey populations. Protecting predators can benefit ecosystems by restoring natural regulation of prey and preventing imbalances. In conservation, predator management often involves research, protected areas, and measures to reduce human-wildlife conflict.