killing

Killing is the act of causing the death of a living being. It can occur in many contexts, including intentional acts, accidents, or the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. In common usage the term is most often associated with human death, but it also applies to animals and other living organisms. The ethical, legal, and social implications of killing vary widely across cultures and legal systems.

Legal classifications differentiate between types of killing. In criminal law, murder is the unlawful killing with malice aforethought, often carrying severe penalties. Manslaughter covers killings with diminished culpability, including voluntary manslaughter (intent to kill but with mitigating circumstances) and involuntary manslaughter (negligence or recklessness). Justifiable homicide includes killings sanctioned by law, such as self-defense, defense of others, or certain actions by lawful authorities under strict rules.

Beyond law, debates surround euthanasia and assisted suicide, capital punishment, and animal killing for food or other purposes. Philosophical and religious traditions offer varying judgments about the sanctity of life and the moral permissibility of ending it. Historical trends show shifts in accepted practices, from tribal warfare to modern legal frameworks and humanitarian considerations.

Forensic science, criminology, and policy studies examine causes, motives, methods, and prevention. Data on homicide rates, demographics, and weapon use inform law enforcement and public health responses aimed at reducing killing and protecting life.