murder

Murder is the unlawful and intentional killing of a human being by another person. In many legal systems, murder is distinguished from other forms of homicide by elements such as malice aforethought or premeditated intent to kill. Homicide is a broader term that includes killings that are lawful or happen by accident; murder refers specifically to unlawful killings with malicious intent or extreme recklessness.

Key elements typically include that the victim is a human being, death results, and the actor's conduct caused the death with intent or malice. Many jurisdictions categorize murder into degrees, such as first-degree murder (premeditation) and second-degree murder (intent without premeditation). Some places recognize additional forms, such as felony murder or murder with depraved indifference.

Justifiable and excusable homicide are excluded from the crime of murder. Self-defense, defense of others, or police action may be considered justifiable. In such cases, prosecutors may not pursue murder charges, or the offender may be acquitted or protected from liability depending on the jurisdiction.

Manslaughter is a related offense for killings lacking malice or premeditation, such as voluntary manslaughter (mitigated passion) or involuntary manslaughter (negligence or recklessness). The distinction between murder and manslaughter reflects differences in culpability and allowable sentencing.

Investigations involve law enforcement, forensic analysis, autopsies, and evidence gathering. Prosecution seeks convictions with penalties ranging from lengthy prison terms to life imprisonment, and in some jurisdictions, capital punishment. Public safety and crime prevention efforts emphasize reducing risk factors, improving reporting, and addressing underlying causes such as violence and social inequality.