euthanasia

Euthanasia refers to the intentional ending of a person's life to relieve unbearable suffering, usually at the patient’s request. It is typically performed by another person, such as a physician or caregiver, and is distinct from other end-of-life practices. Euthanasia is commonly discussed as active or passive, and as voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Active voluntary euthanasia involves administering a lethal dose at the patient’s request; passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.

Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted dying are related but distinct in law and practice: in euthanasia, another person administers the lethal agent; in assisted dying, the patient self-administers with aid.

Legal status varies widely. Some countries allow voluntary euthanasia or physician-assisted dying under strict safeguards, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Canada. In the United States, several states permit physician-assisted dying, while euthanasia remains illegal federally and in most states. Other countries ban euthanasia altogether; many places require palliative care as priority.

Ethical debates focus on autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, patient capacity, and the risk of coercion or discrimination. Proponents emphasize relief of suffering and person-centered choice; opponents raise concerns about the sanctity of life, potential errors, and the vulnerable.

Clinically, euthanasia is discussed alongside palliative care, which seeks to relieve suffering without ending life; advances in palliative sedation, advance directives, and ICU care influence decisions at end of life.