beneficence

Beneficence is a normative ethical principle that obliges individuals and institutions to act for the benefit of others, promoting their welfare and preventing or removing harm where possible. The term derives from Latin bene facere, meaning to do good. In ethical theory, beneficence is a central component of many moral frameworks and is often discussed alongside non-maleficence (do no harm), autonomy, and justice. In practice, beneficence requires chose actions that have a net positive impact on well-being and that are proportionate to the situation.

In medical ethics, beneficence guides decisions about treatment, care, and research. Clinicians are expected to seek actions that benefit the patient, evaluate potential benefits against risks, and obtain informed consent. Beneficence is balanced against respect for patient autonomy and resource considerations, sometimes leading to paternalistic choices when a patient cannot decide. In public health and policy, beneficence supports interventions intended to improve population welfare, while considerations of justice and fairness temper its application.

Philosophical discussions distinguish strong beneficence, which aims to maximize well-being, from weaker forms that focus on minimizing harm or providing assistance when feasible. Critics note that judgments of what counts as a benefit may vary by culture, context, and individual values, raising questions about universality and implementation.

See also: benevolence, altruism, paternalism.