persecution

Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of individuals or groups based on identity attributes such as religion, ethnicity, nationality, political opinion, or other defining traits. It involves sustained discrimination, denial of civil rights, economic deprivation, social exclusion, violence, or forced displacement, and is often carried out or tolerated by states, organized groups, or dominant factions. Persecution differs from ordinary discrimination by its scale, persistence, and, in many cases, its formulation as part of an official policy or widespread practice.

Under international law, persecution can constitute a crime when it is part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. It may overlap with crimes such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, or crimes against humanity. Historical and contemporary examples span religiously motivated repression, ethnic targeting, political repression, and mass displacement, including periods of state-sponsored discrimination, forced exile, and violence against minority communities.

Responses to persecution emphasize human rights protections, asylum and refugee law, and accountability for perpetrators. International mechanisms promote monitoring, reporting, and intervention to prevent escalation, while domestic and international courts address violations. Remedies for affected individuals often involve protection, repatriation or resettlement when feasible, and measures to restore civil rights and prevent recurrence.