crimes

Crimes are acts or omissions that violate the criminal laws of a jurisdiction and are punishable by the state. The definition of crime is shaped by statutes, regulations, and, in some cases, judicial interpretation. Crimes reflect public policy goals, such as protecting life and property and maintaining social order.

Crimes are commonly classified by severity as felonies and misdemeanors; some systems also recognize infractions or violations. More granular schemes may distinguish by indictable or summary offenses and by the potential penalties. Offenses can also differ in terms of intent required and harm caused.

A crime typically requires several elements: actus reus (a voluntary act or omission), mens rea (a culpable mental state), and concurrence. Causation and harm may be necessary; some offenses impose strict liability where intent is not required.

Categories of crime include violent crimes (such as homicide, assault, and rape), property crimes (theft, burglary, fraud-related property offenses, arson), and public order offenses (drunkenness, disturbing the peace). White-collar crimes involve deceit or financial motive, while cybercrime covers offenses committed through computer networks.

The criminal justice process generally involves investigation, arrest or charging, prosecution, trial or plea, verdict, and sentencing. Penalties can include imprisonment, fines, probation, restitution, or community service. The system also seeks to protect rights, provide due process, and offer rehabilitation and deterrence.

Because laws differ by jurisdiction, penalties and procedures vary. International law addresses certain crimes that transcend borders, such as genocide or crimes against humanity, and cooperation among jurisdictions is common in such cases.