overarm

Overarm refers to a technique in which the throwing or striking arm is raised and moved above shoulder level during the action. It is the dominant form for delivering balls and strikes in many sports and is often contrasted with underarm (below the shoulder) and sidearm (along the side). The term can apply to any motion in which the hand travels in an arc with the arm extending above the shoulder.

In cricket, overarm bowling is the standard form of delivery. Historically, underarm and round-arm methods preceded it, and overarm bowling was legalized in 1864, enabling higher speeds and different tactical options. A typical overarm delivery involves significant shoulder rotation, a forward trunk turn, and a high release point to maximize velocity, bounce, and line.

Overarm techniques are also common in other sports. In baseball and softball, pitchers and fielders generally throw overhand rather than underhand. In volleyball, an overhand serve is a primary method of initiating play. While overarm actions can produce greater velocity and reach, they require good shoulder mobility, core stability, and timing; improper form can increase the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries.

Biomechanically, the overarm throw or serve relies on a kinetic chain that transfers energy from the legs through the hips and trunk to the shoulder and arm, with the wrist and fingers contributing to release speed and spin. Effective training emphasizes mobility, stability, and coordinated sequencing to optimize performance while reducing injury risk.