orthopantomography

Orthopantomography, commonly called panoramic radiography, is a two-dimensional dental imaging technique that produces a single image of the entire dentition and surrounding structures. Using a rotating X-ray source and digital detector, it captures a broad field from the maxillary sinuses and temporomandibular joints to the posterior mandible in a continuous arc.

During the exam, the patient stands or sits with the head stabilized and the jaws closed in a specified position. The X-ray tube and detector rotate around the patient, while the system collates images along a focal trough, a curved zone in which structures appear with relatively true size and shape. Precise positioning minimizes distortion.

Panoramic images are commonly used for screening and treatment planning in dentistry and oral surgery. Indications include assessment of developing or impacted teeth, eruption patterns, evaluation prior to orthodontic therapy or implant placement, detection of jaw fractures, cysts or tumors, and examination of the temporomandibular joints or maxillary sinus conditions.

Panoramic radiographs provide broad overview but have limitations: they are two-dimensional and subject to distortion and magnification, particularly in the anterior region; fine details, early caries, or periodontal bone changes may be missed; superimposition of structures can obscure pathology. They are often supplemented by conventional intraoral radiographs when higher resolution is required.

Radiation exposure is low relative to many other imaging modalities, and protective measures such as lead shielding are used. The image quality depends on patient cooperation and proper positioning; artifacts from jewelry, glasses, or dental appliances can affect interpretation.

Orthopantomography was developed in the mid-20th century and later refined with digital detectors and software, becoming a standard tool in modern dentistry for rapid, comprehensive assessment of the jaws and dentition.