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Oedema, also known as edema, is a medical condition characterized by the swelling of body tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid. This fluid, typically interstitial fluid, collects in the spaces between cells, leading to visible puffiness. Oedema can affect various parts of the body, most commonly the legs, ankles, and feet, but can also occur in the hands, arms, face, and abdomen.

The causes of oedema are diverse and can range from benign conditions to serious underlying diseases. Common causes include prolonged standing or sitting, especially in warm weather, which can impair venous return. Dietary factors, such as excessive salt intake, can lead to fluid retention. Pregnancy is another frequent cause, as hormonal changes and increased pressure from the growing uterus can affect circulation. Minor injuries, like sprains, can also result in localized oedema due to inflammation.

More significant causes involve underlying medical conditions. Heart failure is a major culprit, as a weakened heart struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid backup. Kidney disease can impair the body's ability to regulate fluid balance and excrete waste, contributing to oedema. Liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, can affect protein production, leading to decreased oncotic pressure and fluid leakage into tissues. Certain medications, including some calcium channel blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids, can also induce oedema as a side effect. Allergic reactions and severe infections can also trigger inflammatory responses that cause swelling.

Treatment for oedema depends entirely on its underlying cause. Mild oedema due to lifestyle factors may improve with simple measures like elevating the affected limb, reducing salt intake, and increasing physical activity. For oedema caused by medical conditions, addressing the primary disease is crucial. This might involve medication for heart failure, dietary and lifestyle changes for kidney disease, or specific treatments for liver conditions. Diuretics, commonly known as water pills, are often prescribed to help the body eliminate excess fluid. Persistent or severe oedema should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate management plan.