meditations

Meditation is a broad category of practices intended to train attention, awareness, and emotional regulation. Techniques vary widely but commonly involve focused attention on a chosen object (such as the breath), open monitoring of present-moment experience, or compassionate or loving-kindness intentions. The aim can be quieting mental chatter, developing insight into habitual patterns, or fostering ethical or spiritual development. In many traditions, meditation is integrated with broader practices and belief systems; in secular contexts, it is often taught as a mental health or well-being technique.

Historically, meditation appears in multiple ancient cultures. Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Taoist traditions have developed structured methods for cultivating concentration, mindfulness, or insight. In the Western world, the practice was popularized in the 20th and 21st centuries through secular programs such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT).

The book Meditations by Marcus Aurelius is a notable related work; written as personal reflections in Greek and Latin, it presents Stoic ethical guidance rather than procedural meditation instructions. It has influenced conceptions of self-discipline and resilience.

Evidence on outcomes is mixed but suggests that regular meditation can reduce stress and anxiety, improve attention and emotional regulation, and produce measurable neural changes in some populations. Effects often arise from consistent practice and high-quality instruction.

Common forms include breath-focused meditation, body scanning, mantra repetition, and loving-kindness or compassion practice. While generally low-risk, meditation is not a universal cure, and accessibility and cultural context influence its adoption and effectiveness.