Jain

Jainism, or Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion whose core teachings emphasize non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya), non-attachment (aparigraha), and asceticism. In Jain tradition, time is seen as a cycle, with twenty-four Tirthankaras guiding liberated beings. The most recent Tirthankara is Mahavira, who is regarded as the 24th and final teacher of this era. The ultimate goal is moksha, the release of the soul from the cycle of birth and death, attained through purified conduct and knowledge.

Jains believe that karma is a subtle substance that binds the soul; ethical living helps shed karma. The path to liberation is described as the three jewels of right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. Lay adherents take five vows: ahimsa, satya, asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha. Monks and nuns observe stricter discipline and usually take additional vows. Many Jains practice strict vegetarianism and avoid harm to even small life forms; some communities abstain from eating root vegetables to avoid killing subterranean organisms.

Jainism has two major ancient monastic orders: Digambara and Shvetambara. They differ on practices, clothing for monks (Digambara monks go unclothed; Shvetambara wear white robes) and certain doctrinal points, including the role and status of women. The Jain community has a substantial presence in India, with temples and pilgrimage sites such as Palitana and Ranakpur, and a significant diaspora in several countries.

Jains follow a canon of scriptures that varies by tradition; Shvetambaras preserve the Agamas, while Digambaras maintain a different canonical collection. Renowned festivals include Mahavir Jayanti, Paryushana, and Diwali. Jain social ethics extend to non-violence in business and daily life, charitable activities, and promotion of education and health.