ahimsa

Ahimsa is a philosophical and ethical principle meaning nonviolence or the avoidance of harm toward living beings. The term derives from Sanskrit ahiṃsā, literally “not injuring,” with a- meaning “not” and hīṃsā meaning “injury” or “harm.” It is a central concept in several Indian religions and moral traditions, and it has also influenced modern political and social movements.

In Hinduism, ahimsa is a broadly cultivated virtue associated with compassion and reverence for life. It is often linked to other ethical ideas such as truth (satya) and nonattachment, and it appears as a recommended practice in various scriptures. In many Hindu paths, nonviolence extends beyond physical harm to include thoughts, speech, and intentions, and it informs attitudes toward animals, the environment, and social conduct. In some schools, it is one of the yamas, or ethical restraints, in yogic practice.

In Jainism, ahimsa is the foundational principle and governs nearly every aspect of conduct. Jains aim to minimize harm to all living beings, from large animals to microorganisms. Monks observe strict vows (mahavratas) and laypeople (svadharmik) follow smaller vows (anuvratas). Practices such as vegetarianism, careful seating and movement to avoid injury, and meticulous speech are part of the discipline of ahimsa.

In Buddhism, nonharm or nonviolence is central to ethical discipline. The first precept prohibits killing, and practitioners cultivate compassion (metta) and loving-kindness toward all beings. While interpretations vary, ahimsa often informs monastic rules, lay ethics, and social action.

In the modern era, Mahatma Gandhi popularized ahimsa as a practical philosophy of nonviolent resistance, influencing civil rights movements and debates about ethics and conflict resolution.