Jainism

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, truth, and liberation of the soul. It teaches that every living being possesses spiritual essence and that ethical conduct is essential to shedding karma and achieving muksha (liberation). Jain tradition traces its spiritual leadership to the Tirthankaras, transcendent teachers who have shown the path to liberation. The last and most celebrated Tirthankara is Mahavira, though Jainism views him as reformer rather than founder.

Central to Jain thought are non-violence (ahimsa) extended to all living beings, non-attachment (aparigraha), and the belief that karma shapes future existence. Jains also follow anekantavada, the doctrine of many-sided reality, and strive to practice right belief, right knowledge, and right conduct as the path to moksha (liberation).

Ethical practice is organized around vows. Lay followers observe five vows: ahimsa, satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (sexual restraint), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Monastics seek greater renunciation and may observe additional austerities. Diet emphasizes strict vegetarianism and avoidance of root vegetables to minimize harm. Devotional life includes meditation, fasting, and scriptural study, with major observances such as Paryushan and Mahavir Jayanti.

Jainism comprises two major Śrāmaṇic traditions, Digambara and Śvetāmbara, which differ in monastic practices, iconography, and certain scriptures. The canonical literature includes the Agamas and later commentaries, with textual traditions that diverge between the two sects. Today, Jain communities are concentrated in India but have diasporas in many countries, where temples and organizations promote ethical living, education, and charitable activity.