muksha

Muksha, often rendered moksha in Sanskrit transliteration, is a central concept in Indian philosophical and religious thought. It denotes liberation from samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and freedom from ignorance and karmic bondage. The precise experience of muksha varies by tradition, but it generally involves realization of the true nature of reality—whether the self (atman) or a supreme absolute (such as Brahman or God)—and the end of worldly suffering.

In Hinduism, muksha is the ultimate goal across many schools. Different paths are described to attain it, including jnana (knowledge), bhakti (devotion), karma (right action), and raja (meditative discipline). Advaita Vedanta teaches that moksha is the realization of non-difference between the individual self and the ultimate reality (Brahman), dispelling ignorance. Other traditions, such as Vaishnava and Shaiva systems, describe moksha as an eternal relationship with a personal deity and the removal of karmic obstacles, with variations on the form and degree of liberation.

In Jainism, moksha is the complete liberation of the soul from all karmic matter. It is achieved through right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct, often supported by rigorous ascetic practice. A liberated soul becomes a siddha, residing in a realm beyond time and cycles.

In Sikhism, the related concept of mukti refers to release from the cycle of birth and death and union with God, realized through remembrance of the divine Name (Naam), righteous conduct, and devotion. While terms and nuances differ, muksha generally signifies ultimate freedom and spiritual fulfillment.

Etymology traces muksha to Sanskrit mokṣa, meaning release, freedom, or deliverance.