Shaiva

Shaiva refers to a tradition within Hinduism that reveres Shiva as the supreme being and central object of worship. It is one of the major strands of Hindu religious life alongside Vaishnavism and Shaktism, and it encompasses a wide range of philosophical schools, devotional practices, and regional expressions.

Etymology and symbols: The term Shaiva derives from Sanskrit Śiva, meaning auspicious. Central symbols include the linga, a form of Shiva worship, and iconic depictions such as Nataraja, the dancer whose movements symbolize cosmic creation and dissolution. Temples, shrines, and home altars commonly honor Śiva in diverse forms across different communities.

Beliefs and practice: Beliefs vary among sub-traditions, but common themes include the view of Śiva as the supreme reality who manifests as the creator, preserver, and destroyer within the universe. Liberation (moksha) is pursued through devotion (bhakti), knowledge (jnana), and yogic discipline; some streams emphasize ascetic practices and inner realization. Shaiva communities often emphasize guru–disciple lineages and ritual purity, temple worship, and ritual apparatus such as mantra and tantra in specific traditions.

Major sub-traditions: Notable Shaiva streams include Shaiva Siddhanta (predominant in Tamil Nadu), and Kashmir Shaivism (a non-dual philosophy presenting Śiva as pure consciousness). The ancient Pashupata lineage also figures prominently in historical Shaivism. Many adherents follow the Shaiva Agamas, a collection of texts guiding ritual and temple practice.

Texts and sacred geography: Scriptures include the Shaiva Agamas, related Puranas (such as the Skanda Purana), and regional scriptures that vary by tradition. Sacred sites often include major Shiva temples and pilgrimage destinations such as Varanasi (Kashi), Amarnath, Kedarnath, and Pashupatinath.

Geographic and cultural reach: Shaivism remains influential in India and Nepal, with diasporic communities worldwide. Festivals such as Maha Shivaratri are widely observed, and Shaiva temples and monasteries contribute to regional religious life.