Kashmir

Kashmir is a geographic region in the northern Indian subcontinent, known for its mountains and valleys. The term commonly denotes the Kashmir Valley, but the broader cultural region spans multiple political administrations. Since 2019, the Indian-administered portion has been reorganized into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, with a legislature, and Ladakh, without. Pakistan administers Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, while China controls Aksai Chin.

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the western Himalayas and Karakoram ranges. The Kashmir Valley is a fertile basin watered by the Jhelum River and its tributaries, while surrounding terrains rise into plateaus and glaciers. The climate ranges from temperate in the valley to alpine in higher elevations, with a monsoon-influenced pattern in parts of the region.

Historically, Kashmir has been ruled by a succession of empires and dynasties, including the Kushans, Gupta, Mughal, and Dogra states. After the 1947 partition of British India, the princely state acceded to India, and a 1949 UN ceasefire led to the Line of Control dividing the area between India and Pakistan. The status of the region remained disputed and subject to constitutional changes. In 2019 the Indian government revoked certain provisions of Article 370 and reorganized the state into two union territories.

Demographically, the region is predominantly Muslim, with linguistic and ethnic diversity that includes Kashmiri speakers, as well as speakers of Dogri and Urdu. There are Hindu, Buddhist, and other minority communities in various areas. Cultural traditions include distinctive crafts such as Kashmiri shawls and saffron production in the valley.

Economically, Kashmir relies on agriculture, horticulture, and tourism. Crops include rice and saffron; the region is known for its lakes, gardens, and ski resorts such as Gulmarg and Sonamarg, attracting visitors for scenic beauty and trekking.