Taoist

Taoist is a term for adherents of Taoism, a tradition from China with philosophical and religious dimensions. It encompasses a family of beliefs and practices centered on living in harmony with the Dao, or the Way. The Dao is the source and order of the universe; Taoism emphasizes wu wei (effortless action), spontaneity, naturalness, and balance through yin and yang and the circulation of qi, the life force.

There are two broad strands. Philosophical Taoism emphasizes the teachings of texts such as the Dao De Jing and the Zhuangzi, focusing on understanding the nature of the Dao, ethical conduct, and quiet contemplation. Religious Taoism involves organized temples, clergy, rituals, liturgies, and a pantheon of deities, with aims including spiritual cultivation, longevity, and societal harmony.

Texts and institutions: foundational writings include the Dao De Jing and Zhuangzi; later traditions compiled the Daozang, a vast Daoist canon. Major religious schools include Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) and Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity), each with its own set of rituals, liturgy, and monastic or lay communities.

Practices: meditation, breathwork and qigong, internal alchemy, ritual offerings, divination, and feng shui; traditional Chinese medicine and longevity practices are often associated with Taoist thought.

History: Taoism traces back to early Chinese thought in the Warring States period, with later development through imperial China. It has influenced Chinese religion, philosophy, art, medicine, and martial arts, and has correspondingly spread to other East Asian cultures and the modern world.