mammogram

A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breast used to detect breast cancer and other breast conditions. It is a central tool in breast cancer screening and can identify tumors before they are palpable, as well as reveal benign conditions such as cysts or calcifications.

There are two main types of mammograms: screening mammograms, performed on individuals without symptoms to detect possible abnormalities, and diagnostic mammograms, performed when there is a lump, pain, nipple discharge, or an abnormal screening result that requires further evaluation. Screening is commonly recommended for women starting in their 40s or 50s, with frequency varying by national guidelines, risk factors, and prior results.

Technique and procedure involve low-dose X-rays of the breast. Images are usually taken from two views for each breast: craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO). Compression of the breast during imaging helps reduce motion and improve detail but may cause temporary discomfort. Digital mammography and, more recently, 3D mammography or tomosynthesis are widely used and can improve detection, especially in dense breasts.

Interpretation and reporting are performed by radiologists who assign BI-RADS categories to guide management. Categories range from 0 (incomplete) to 6 (known biopsy-proven malignancy). Results may lead to routine follow-up, additional imaging, or biopsy.

Effectiveness and limitations include high detection rates for many cancers, but reduced sensitivity in dense breast tissue. False positives and false negatives can occur, and overdiagnosis is a consideration in some screening programs.

Preparation, risk, and aftercare are generally straightforward: the radiation dose is low, and most people resume normal activities immediately. Some facilities advise avoiding deodorants or powders on the day of the exam. Results are typically reported within a few days.