mammography

Mammography is a radiographic technique used to screen and diagnose breast disease, most notably breast cancer. It uses low-dose X-rays to produce images that reveal masses, calcifications, and tissue distortions. Digital mammography and, increasingly, digital breast tomosynthesis (3D mammography) are standard; images are obtained in several views with breast compression to improve image quality.

Screening mammography is used to detect cancer in asymptomatic individuals, while diagnostic mammography is performed when a lump, symptom, or prior test suggests an abnormality. Indications and recommended intervals vary by country, but routine screening is advised for most women starting in the 40s or 50s, then repeated every one to two years or annually, with earlier initiation for higher-risk groups.

Radiologists interpret mammograms using BI-RADS, a standardized reporting scheme ranging from negative to highly suspicious, guiding management from routine follow-up to biopsy. Benefits include earlier cancer detection and potential mortality reduction; limitations include false positives and negatives, radiation exposure, and reduced sensitivity in dense breast tissue. If results are abnormal, additional imaging or tissue sampling may be required.

Safety and follow-up: the radiation dose from a mammogram is low, and cumulative risk is small for individuals following screening guidelines. Some people may require supplementary imaging with ultrasound or MRI, particularly if dense tissue or implants complicate assessment. Alternatives exist for high-risk patients, and screening programs vary by region.