kääntäminen

Kääntäminen is the process of translating written text from one language to another. In Finnish, kääntäminen is distinct from tulkkaus, which refers to interpretation in spoken form. The field covers a range of text types, including literary, technical, legal, medical, and audiovisual material, as well as localization for software and websites.

The translation process typically involves text analysis, drafting, revision, and proofreading. Translators choose strategies such as literal or free translation, aiming for accuracy, clarity, and appropriate tone. The concept of functional or dynamic equivalence, associated with the idea of conveying meaning and effect rather than a word-for-word rendering, guides many approaches. Domesticating versus foreignizing techniques weigh familiarity for target readers against cultural authenticity.

Tools used in kääntäminen include computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, terminology databases, and translation memories. Machine translation (neural MT) is commonly used as an aid, often followed by human post-editing to ensure quality. Subtitling, dubbing, and audio description are interrelated areas in audiovisual translation, each with its own timing and style conventions.

Quality and ethics play central roles in kääntäminen. Accuracy, confidentiality, and adherence to client instructions and legal requirements are essential. Professional standards are maintained by translators through education, certification, and involvement in professional organizations. In Finland, kääntäminen is studied within translation studies and language technology, reflecting the country’s bilingual and multicultural context.