hidraulice

Hidraulice, or hydraulics, is the branch of science and engineering that studies the behavior of liquids and the technologies that use pressurized liquids to transmit power, control motion, and perform work. It draws on principles from fluid statics and dynamics and relies on the effectively incompressible nature of liquids for predictable force transmission.

Key principles include Pascal's law, which states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid. This enables force multiplication through hydraulic cylinders and rams. Fluid power systems convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy and back, typically using a pump, fluid, and a network of valves and actuators.

Components and configurations: hydraulic pumps, accumulators, cylinders, motors, control valves, filters, hoses, and reservoirs. Circuits are designed as open-loop (with return flow) or closed-loop (servomechanisms) and are often augmented by electronic controllers for precision and automation.

Applications: hydraulic power is used in industrial machinery such as presses and stamping machines, construction equipment like excavators and loaders, aircraft flight controls, automotive braking systems, and maritime or offshore installations. The technology is valued for high force at relatively low speeds, compactness, and scalable performance.

Fluids and safety: common hydraulic fluids include mineral-oil-based oils, synthetic esters, and water-glycol blends; selection depends on viscosity, lubricity, fire resistance, seal compatibility, and environmental impact. Safety and maintenance emphasize leak prevention, proper containment, filtration, and correct handling of high-pressure systems.