heels

Heels are a type of footwear characterized by a raised heel attached to the shoe's sole, lifting the wearer's heel higher than the toes. They are worn to change posture, alter gait, and add height, and come in a range of heel shapes, heights, and styles.

Origins of elevated heels date to ancient and medieval contexts. Heels were used by riders in ancient Persia and by European aristocracy in the 16th–17th centuries to convey status and to help secure the foot in stirrups. The modern high-heeled shoe gained popularity in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries; Louis XIV of France helped popularize red-heeled footwear. Since the 20th century, heels have been a staple of formal and fashion wear, with evolving silhouettes and manufacturing techniques.

Common types include stilettos (long, slender heels), pumps (closed-toe, low-cut), block heels (wide, sturdy), wedges (heels forming a continuous sole), and platforms (additional sole under the front). Other variants include kitten heels, ankle-strap, slingback, and Mary Jane styles.

Construction involves an upper, lining, insole, outsole, and a heel. Heels can be made of wood, plastic, or stacked materials, and may be covered with leather, fabric, or synthetics. Manufacturing methods vary, with cements, adhesives, and reinforcement components used to secure the heel to the sole.

Health considerations include foot pain, metatarsalgia, bunions, and increased risk of ankle injuries from instability. Prolonged wear can contribute to structural strain in the feet and lower legs. Proper fit, cushioning, and occasional breaks are recommended for comfort and foot health.

Social and economic aspects: heels are culturally associated with fashion, formal occasions, and gendered dress codes; their popularity fluctuates with trends, and the footwear industry offers varied price points and sustainability considerations.