bunions

Bunions, medically known as hallux valgus, are bony protrusions that develop at the base of the first metatarsal bone near the big toe. The condition causes the big toe to deviate toward the second toe, creating a visible bump on the inner side of the foot. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, reddening, and difficulty wearing shoes that fit comfortably.

The primary cause of bunions is a misalignment of the foot’s structural anatomy, often exacerbated by inherited foot shape. External factors such as wearing tight, high‑heeled, or pointed shoes can increase pressure on the joint and accelerate progression. Additional risk factors include flat feet, hypermobility of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, rheumatoid arthritis, and occupations that involve prolonged standing.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on visual inspection and patient‑reported discomfort, and may be confirmed with X‑ray imaging to assess the angle of deviation and joint degeneration. Treatment options range from conservative measures to surgical correction. Non‑surgical approaches include footwear modifications, orthotic inserts, padding, anti‑inflammatory medications, and physiotherapy to strengthen surrounding musculature. When deformity is severe, persistent pain interferes with daily activities, or arthritis develops, surgical realignment of the metatarsal bone and soft‑tissue correction may be recommended.

Prevention focuses on wearing properly fitting shoes with adequate toe space, avoiding high heels for extended periods, and maintaining foot strength through regular exercises. Bunions commonly affect adults, with higher prevalence in women, and become more frequent with advancing age. Early recognition and management can limit progression and improve foot function.