gamepads

A gamepad is a type of handheld video game controller designed primarily for console and PC games. It typically features symmetrical or asymmetrical layout with thumb-operated sticks, buttons, and shoulder controls, enabling one-handed or two-handed operation.

Design and input: Most gamepads include two analog sticks, a directional pad (D-pad), a set of face buttons, and shoulder buttons (triggers and bumpers). Some models include extra inputs such as a central home or menu button, a touchpad, motion sensors, or a built-in speaker. Haptic feedback and adaptive triggers are present on some newer models.

Connectivity and standards: Gamepads may be wired or wireless. Common wired interfaces use USB, while wireless use Bluetooth or proprietary radio protocols. On Windows, gamepads typically implement HID, with popular API support via XInput (for Xbox-style controllers) or DirectInput. The Xbox controller family relies on XInput; Sony's DualShock and DualSense use a combination of DirectInput and XInput compatibility, plus their own features. Many third-party controllers exist.

Ergonomics and accessibility: Designs aim for comfortable grip and fatigue reduction across hours of play, with variations for different hand sizes. Accessibility features include remappable buttons, oversized inputs, and customizable sensitivity.

History and impact: The gamepad emerged in the 1980s and became standard with Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft consoles. It has evolved to include wireless operation, motion input, touch controls, and advanced haptics, and it remains central to modern gaming across platforms.

Usage and market: Widely used with consoles, PCs, and some mobile devices; supported by most major titles and emulation; high degree of customization via third-party controllers and adapters.