gamepad

A gamepad or game controller is a handheld input device designed to be held in both hands and operated with thumbs and fingers. It is commonly used with video game consoles and personal computers. The form factor emphasizes ease of reach to a small set of buttons and sticks while the device rests in the hands.

Most gamepads include two analog sticks, a digital directional pad, and a set of action buttons on the front. Common layouts feature four face buttons, two shoulder buttons, and sometimes triggers, with additional inputs such as a start/select/menu button or thumbstick click functionality. Modern pads may add vibration motors or haptic feedback and motion sensors.

Connectivity varies: wired USB, Bluetooth, or proprietary wireless receivers. In computing environments, input is often exposed through APIs such as XInput or DirectInput on Windows, while console-specific controllers rely on their ecosystem's software. Many gamepads are cross-platform, compatible with Windows, macOS, Linux, or mobile devices.

Varieties include standard console gamepads, ergonomic designs, and arcade-style pads or fight sticks; although all are gamepads, forms differ in grip, weight, and button feel. Other devices like arcade sticks and steering wheels are distinct input devices used for different genres.

History: The gamepad became a common component of home video game systems in the 1980s and 1990s, evolving from simple directional pads to widely adopted two-analogue-stick models. It remains the default input method for many consoles, with ongoing innovations in wireless technology, haptics, and motion sensing.