proprietary

Proprietary is a term used to describe information, software, devices, or other goods that are owned by an individual or organization and subject to exclusive rights. Ownership typically restricts use, copying, modification, and disclosure by others. The term is often used in contrast with non-proprietary, public-domain, or open materials, which are freely usable by anyone. The concept rests on property rights recognized by law and contract.

In software and digital media, proprietary products are distributed under licenses that limit how they can be used. Source code is typically kept confidential, and copying, reverse engineering, or redistribution may be prohibited or restricted. End-user license agreements (EULAs) and terms of service govern the permitted uses. Access to updates, compatibility, and features may be contingent on continued licensing or payments. Proprietary formats can limit interoperability with competing products or systems, contributing to vendor lock-in.

Proprietary information includes trade secrets and other confidential data that provide competitive advantage. It is protected by contract law, trade-secret law, and, where applicable, patent protection. Companies often keep such information confidential through non-disclosure agreements and internal safeguards.

Proprietary hardware or standards refer to technologies whose design, specifications, or interfaces are controlled by a party. This can hinder third-party development or compatibility unless licensed or negotiated. Conversely, open or non-proprietary standards define publicly available specifications that multiple vendors can implement.

Debates around proprietary models center on incentives for innovation versus market competition and interoperability. Proponents argue that proprietary protections can reward investment and quality, while critics contend they can impede access, raise costs, and reduce choice. Open-source software and open standards offer alternative approaches that emphasize openness and freedom to use and modify.