reward

A reward is something given in response to a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. In psychology, rewards are a central element of reinforcement and can be external or internal, tangible or intangible. They help shape actions by signaling that a response is valued. Rewards differ from punishments, which are intended to reduce unwanted behavior, and from incentives that may attract effort before the action occurs.

Rewards are categorized as primary (unconditional, biologically based) and secondary (learned, such as money, grades, or praise). They can also be intrinsic, arising from within the individual, or extrinsic, supplied by others. Tangible rewards include money, gifts, or privileges, while intangible rewards include status, autonomy, or social approval.

In the brain, rewards activate circuits involving dopamine, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway and the nucleus accumbens, reinforcing actions through prediction and learning. The concept is central to reinforcement learning, where the difference between expected and received rewards (prediction error) guides future behavior.

Reward systems are used in education, parenting, and workplaces to shape behavior. Token economies, praise, performance bonuses, and promotions are examples. Rewards can be financial, social, or self-administered through personal goal setting.

Effectiveness depends on context; excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation or create reliance on external incentives. Cultural norms, individual differences, and ethical concerns influence how rewards are perceived and their long-term impact.