flebite

Flebite, commonly known as phlebitis, is the inflammation of a vein. It can involve superficial veins near the skin or deeper veins within the body. Phlebitis is often accompanied by thrombosis, forming a thrombophlebitic process. Superficial phlebitis typically affects veins close to the surface, especially in the legs or arms and at sites of intravenous cannulation. Deep vein thrombophlebitis involves the deep venous system and carries a higher risk of complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Causes and risk factors include irritation or trauma to a vein, intravenous catheters or injections, varicose veins, infections, prolonged immobilization, cancer, pregnancy, certain hormonal therapies, and inherited clotting disorders. Poor venous flow or inflammation from nearby conditions can also contribute.

Symptoms and diagnosis vary by type. Superficial phlebitis presents with tenderness, redness, warmth, and a raised or cord-like vein along the affected course, sometimes with mild swelling. Deep vein thrombophlebitis may cause more pronounced leg swelling, warmth, pain, and redness, and there is a risk of pulmonary embolism if a clot travels to the lungs. Diagnosis is typically based on physical examination and imaging, with duplex ultrasound being the standard test for detecting venous thrombosis. Blood tests such as D-dimer may be used in certain cases to assess suspicion of DVT.

Treatment depends on the type and severity. Superficial phlebitis often improves with leg elevation, regular movement, warm or cool compresses, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; removing or replacing an offending IV line and addressing infection if present are important. Anticoagulation is generally reserved for deep vein thrombophlebitis or extensive superficial thrombophlebitis with risk of extension, and is guided by a clinician. Deep vein thrombophlebitis requires prompt anticoagulation and usually hospital evaluation.

Prevention focuses on minimizing venous irritation and stasis: careful IV practices, mobilization, compression stockings for high-risk individuals, and prompt treatment of infections. Complications can include pulmonary embolism or chronic venous insufficiency if not managed properly.