diplopod

Diplopods, commonly known as millipedes, are a class of terrestrial arthropods within the subphylum Myriapoda. They are characterized by an elongated body composed of many segments, typically with two pairs of legs on each body segment. The name diplopod reflects the fusion of primitive body segments into diplosegments. Most millipedes are slow-moving detritivores that inhabit moist environments.

Anatomy and movement: The head bears antennae and simple mouthparts; the trunk is cylindrical or slightly flattened. The total number of legs ranges widely by species, often from a few dozen to several hundred. Millipedes are generally slow and avoid predators by curling into coils. They lack venomous bites; instead, many species have defensive glands along the body that secrete irritant or noxious compounds.

Diet and ecology: They feed mainly on decomposing plant matter, fungi, and leaf litter, contributing to decomposition and nutrient cycling. Some species can damage soft seedlings or roots, but overall they are considered beneficial for soil health. They occur in forests, grasslands, caves, and urban areas with adequate moisture.

Reproduction and life cycle: Most species reproduce sexually; males often deposit sperm packets (spermatophore) for females to pick up. Eggs are laid in soil or under decaying material; juveniles hatch and resemble small adults, passing through several molts before reaching full size. Diplopods are diverse, with thousands of described species distributed worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate regions. They are taxonomically divided into several orders, such as Polydesmida, Julida, Spirobolida, and Spirostreptida.