banner

A banner is a piece of cloth, paper, or other flexible material bearing a symbol, inscription, or emblem, used to identify, commemorate, or advertise. The term originates from Old French baniere, referring to a standard carried in battle or displayed in processions. Historically, banners served as military standards, heraldic devices, and ceremonial insignia, aiding identification and signaling across armies, ships, and courts. They also functioned as decorative or religious objects.

Physically, banners may be banners or flags designed for outdoor display, often made from durable fabrics and finished with grommets or poles; decorative banners, sometimes called streamers, are used at festivals or events. In modern times, banners are also produced as advertising materials, signage, or in digital form as banner advertisements on websites and apps.

Design and production: Physical banners vary in size and material; outdoor use demands weather resistance and colorfast inks, while indoor banners prioritize print clarity. Common production methods include screen printing, digital direct printing, dye-sublimation, and, for cloth banners, embroidery. Digital banners used online follow standard ad sizes and formats; effectiveness depends on legibility, strong contrast, concise messaging, and clear branding. The banner’s symbolism, typography, and color harmonize with its purpose and audience.