baldness

Baldness is a common term for hair loss conditions characterized by thinning of the scalp hair. The most frequent form is androgenetic alopecia, also known as male or female pattern baldness. It results from a combination of genetic susceptibility and the effects of androgens on hair follicles, leading to progressively shorter hair cycles and miniaturization of follicles.

Other patterns of hair loss include alopecia areata (an autoimmune condition often presenting as patchy loss), telogen effluvium (diffuse shedding related to stress, illness, or medications), and scarring (cicatricial) alopecias, where inflammation damages hair follicles permanently. Traction alopecia, caused by pulling or tight hairstyles, is another reversible pattern if identified early.

Clinical presentation varies by type. Men typically experience receding hairlines and thinning at the crown, while women commonly show diffuse thinning on the top of the scalp with preservation of the frontal hairline. Children and other groups may exhibit different patterns; an abrupt or unusual loss prompts medical evaluation.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and physical examination. Additional testing may include laboratory work to assess thyroid function, iron status, vitamin levels, and autoimmune markers when indicated. In uncertain cases, a scalp biopsy can help distinguish scarring from non-scarring forms.

Treatment aims to slow progression, improve density, and address cosmetic concerns. Options include topical minoxidil, oral finasteride (in men), antiandrogen therapies in appropriate cases, and hair transplantation in selected individuals. Low-level laser therapy and cosmetic solutions such as wigs or cosmetic camouflage can also help. Early evaluation is advised for effective management and to rule out other conditions.