arrogance

Arrogance is a disposition marked by an inflated sense of one's own importance, often accompanied by contempt for others and a belief in personal superiority. The word derives from Latin arrogans, from arrogare meaning "to claim for oneself," passing through Old French arrogance into English usage.

Arrogance differs from healthy confidence and from hubris or narcissism. Confidence involves warranted belief in abilities, whereas arrogance presents as overbearing claims and dismissal of others.

Causes and context include cultural norms that reward assertiveness, social-status cues, and cognitive biases such as self-serving bias or overconfidence. Personality factors may involve narcissistic tendencies, while situational factors include leadership roles or competitive environments.

Effects include damaged relationships, reduced collaboration, and impaired judgment. Arrogant behavior can alienate colleagues, undermine credibility, and hinder learning by suppressing feedback.

Mitigation involves self-awareness, soliciting candid feedback, practicing humility, active listening, and accountability. Organizational or relational strategies such as inclusive decision-making and structured feedback can help reduce arrogant behavior.

Related concepts include pride, vanity, hubris, and narcissism.