narcissistic

Narcissistic is an adjective referring to patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior characterized by excessive self-focus and a need for admiration. The term traces to Narcissus, the Greek mythic figure who fell in love with his reflection; in psychology it denotes a continuum of self-centered traits and self-esteem regulation styles.

In clinical psychology, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a diagnosed condition described in the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It features a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and extending across contexts. Diagnostic criteria include at least five of nine signs, such as a grandiose sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, entitlement, exploitative behavior, lack of empathy, envy, and arrogance. Many people display narcissistic traits without meeting full criteria; prevalence is typically around 1% to 6%, with some studies reporting higher rates in men.

Traits can range from overt arrogance to more covert forms and may cause interpersonal difficulties. Treatment usually involves psychotherapy aimed at reducing symptoms, improving empathy, and promoting healthier coping strategies. Outcomes vary, and progress depends on factors such as insight and readiness to engage in change. The term is also used in ordinary language to describe self-centered behavior, often without clinical implications.