hubris

Hubris is a term used to describe excessive pride, arrogance, or self-confidence that leads to a violation of moral, social, or divine norms. The word derives from the ancient Greek hybris, which originally signified violent transgression or insolence, especially toward the gods, and later came to denote overstepping human limits.

In classical literature, hubris is a common motive for tragedy. Characters display hubris when they challenge fate, the gods, or the proper order of society, often believing they can outmaneuver consequences. The resulting downfall serves as a moral lesson. Notable examples appear in Greek tragedies where hubris precipitates punishment, and in myths such as Icarus, whose ambitiously heedless flight ends in disaster.

In modern usage, hubris refers to overbearing self-importance or reckless overreach in public life, business, or personal conduct. Some psychologists use the term hubris syndrome to describe political or organizational leaders who exhibit inflated self-view, risk-taking, and deteriorating judgment after acquiring power. The concept remains connected to broader ideas of overconfidence, narcissism, and self-serving bias, highlighting how belief in one’s invulnerability can distort decision-making.

Culturally, hubris operates as a warning against excessive pride and as a device to restore moral or social order when boundaries are transgressed. Critics note that labeling actions as hubris can be normative and context-dependent, and some argue that the concept may oversimplify complex motivations behind ambitious behavior.

Related terms include arrogance, nemesis, and the broader literary and ethical injunction against overreaching pride.