motivations

Motivation refers to the processes that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-directed behavior. It encompasses the desire to act and the reasons behind choosing a particular course of action. Motivational states can arise from internal drives, cognitive processes, emotional states, and external contingencies.

Intrinsic motivation is driven by inherent satisfaction, curiosity, or interest in the task itself, whereas extrinsic motivation is influenced by external rewards, punishments, or social pressures.

Several theories have sought to explain motivation. Maslow's hierarchy posits a progression from basic physiological needs to self-actualization, though its strict order is debated. Self-Determination Theory emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as key psychological needs that foster intrinsic motivation. Expectancy-Value theory links motivation to beliefs about the likelihood of success and the value attached to the goal. Goal-setting theory describes how specific, challenging goals and feedback influence effort and persistence.

In education and work, motivation affects effort, persistence, and performance. Motivational interventions may target task design, feedback, autonomy, and rewards. Cultural and individual differences shape motivational patterns, as do situational factors such as mood and social context.

Motivation is typically assessed through self-report questionnaires, behavioral indicators, or physiological measures, and is understood as dynamic, fluctuating with circumstances. Some forms of extrinsic motivation can undermine intrinsic motivation when rewards are perceived as controlling, a phenomenon noted in cognitive evaluation theory.